Refugee Rights, Sustainable Developments Goals and the New Frontiers of Externalization of Migration Controls: The Way Forward (EXTERN2)

The EXTERN2 project will focus on the new and different forms of ‘contactless’ external migration control that have been employed by European States to eliminate any physical contact with migrants in transit, delegate to African countries the management of migration and refugee flows, and limit onwards movements to Europe.

Genocide Obligations from Below: Civil Society and the Operationalisation of Prevention and Cooperation Duties

With Triestino Mariniello

What happens when States fail to discharge their primary duties to prevent genocide and cooperate to end it? In answering this question, this project develops a novel legal theory of genocide obligations mobilised “from below” through the work of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs). While international law formally assigns these responsibilities to States, the project argues that CSOs increasingly play a decisive role in triggering, shaping, and operationalising them in practice, especially where state-led enforcement mechanisms falter.