This project investigates the impact of non-state accountability mechanisms in shaping new claims for recognition by land-based communities impacted by extractive industries. With two of the world’s largest mining projects, Mongolia has become one of Asia’s key mineral producers. Mongolian nomadic communities living in the vicinity of these large-scale mining operations in the South Gobi region have recently resorted to using new grievance mechanisms offered by development financial institutions to seek redress for the socio-environmental impacts of mining on their livelihood, land rights and culture. With the assistance of nongovernmental organisations, Mongolian nomads have used these mechanisms to make unprecedented claims as indigenous people, despite not being recognised as such by the government. The project contributes new evidence about the impact of emerging modes of accountability in global extractive industries in shaping community identities, political strategies and access to justice.